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Michael von Faulhaber (March 5, 1869 – June 12, 1952) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal who was Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 1952. Faulhaber was a political opponent of the Nazi government and considered Nazi ideology incompatible with Christianity; but he also rejected the Weimar Republic as rooted in treason〔Michael Kardinal von Faulhaber: Rede zum 62. Deutschen Katholikentag, München (1922)〕 and opposed democratic government in general, favoring a Catholic monarchy. Faulhaber spoke out against some Nazi policies, but publicly recognized the Nazi government as legitimate, required Catholic clergy to remain loyal to the Nazi government, and maintained bridges between fascism and the Church.〔Nazis on the Run, Gerald Steinacher, p. 127 ; Beth A. Griech-Polelle, ''Antisemitism,Christian Ambivalence and the Holocaust'', pp. 128–129, Indiana University Press, 2007 ISBN 0-253-34873-0〕 He ordained Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) as a priest in 1951, and was the last surviving Cardinal appointed by Pope Benedict XV. ==Life until after the First World War== Michael Faulhaber was born as the third of seven children of the baker Michael Faulhaber (1831–1900) and his wife Margarete (1839–1911). He was educated at gymnasiums in Schweinfurt and Würzburg. In 1887-88 he was a soldier and non-commissioned officer in the Bavarian army. In 1889 he entered the Kilianeum (Catholic) Seminary in Würzburg and was ordained on August 1, 1892. Faulhaber was a priest in Würzburg from 1892 until 1910, serving there for six years. His studies included a specialisation in the early Christian writer, Tertullian. In 1895 he graduated from his studies with a doctorate in theology. From 1894 to 1896, he was prefect of the Kilianeum Seminary. From 1896 to 1899, he was engaged in studying manuscripts at the Vatican and other Italian museums. From 1899 to 1903, he was privatdocent in Greek palaeography, Biblical archaeology, homiletics, exegesis of the Psalms, at the University of Würzburg. In 1900 he visited England to study manuscripts of early Christian literature, spending one semester at Oxford. In 1902 he visited Spain for a similar purpose.〔 In 1903 he became professor of theology at the University of Strasbourg. In 1910, Faulhaber was appointed Bishop of Speyer and invested as such on February 19, 1911. On March 1, 1913 he was appointed a Knight of the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown by Prince Regent Ludwig; in accordance with the statutes of this order, Faulhaber was ennobled with the style of "''Ritter von Faulhaber''". In 1916 he won the Iron Cross (as the first clergyman in the German Empire) at the Western Front for his frontline support of troops by acting as a military chaplain.〔(Speaking Symbol ) June 23, 1952. ''Time Magazine'' article on Cardinal von Faulhaber.〕 In 1917, his appointment as Archbishop of Munich followed. In 1921 he became a Cardinal, with the title of Cardinal-Priest of ''Santa Anastasia'', and at his death was the last surviving Cardinal appointed by Pope Benedict XV. Faulhaber felt little loyalty to the Weimar Republic. At the national Catholic conference (''Katholiikentag'') of 1922 in Munich, he declared that the Weimar Republic was a "''perjury and betrayal''", because it had arrived through the overthrow of the legitimate civil authorities, the monarchies, and had included in its constitution the separation of church and state. The declaration disturbed Catholics who were committed to the Weimar Republic. Faulhaber had praised the monarchy a few months earlier at the funeral of King Ludwig.〔Robert Krieg, Catholic Theologians and Nazi Germany, p. 25〕 Faulhaber publicised, and supported by creating an institutional link for the association, the work of ''Amici Israël''. He supported the group by distributing its writings, saying "we must ensure wide distribution of the writings of the Amici Israel" and admonishing preachers to steer clear of any statements that "might sound in any way anti-Semitic" - this even though, "he himself was somewhat tainted by anti-Semitic stereotypes that placed Jews in the same category as Freemasons and Socialists."〔Hubert Wolf, Pope and Devil: the Vatican's archives and the Third Reich, pp. 89–90, Harvard University Press, May 31, 2010〕 Faulhaber was friends with the group's promoter, Sophie Francisca van Leer;〔Hill, Roland, (A time out of joint: A journey from Nazi Germany to post-war Britain ), The Radcliffe Press, Oct 30, 2007〕 its special aim was to seek changes to the Good Friday prayer and some of its Latin phrases like ''pro perfidis Judaeis'' (for treacherous Jews) and ''judaicam perfidiam'' (Jewish treachery) and sought the cessation of the deicide accusation against Jews. It was dissolved in March 1928 on the decree of the Vatican's Congregation of the Holy Office on the grounds that its perspectives were not in keeping with the spirit of the Church.〔Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence and the Holocaust, p.xvii〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Michael von Faulhaber」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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